What is Knee Arthroscopy?
Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive “keyhole” surgical procedure used to diagnose and treat problems inside a joint — most commonly the knee. The word arthroscopy comes from the Greek words arthro (joint) and skopein (to look), meaning “to look within the joint.”
The procedure is performed using a narrow telescope called an arthroscope, which is inserted into the joint through two tiny incisions. The arthroscope is connected to a small video camera that allows the surgeon to view and treat the inside of the joint in great detail.
Compared to traditional open surgery, arthroscopy involves much smaller incisions, causes less pain, carries a lower risk of infection, and allows for a faster recovery.
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Who is Arthroscopy For?
Arthroscopy is commonly recommended for patients who have ongoing knee problems that haven’t improved with rest, physiotherapy, or medication. It may be used both to diagnose and treat joint conditions.
Common conditions treated with arthroscopy include:
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Torn or damaged cartilage (meniscal tears)
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Torn ligaments
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Loose fragments of bone or cartilage
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Damaged joint surfaces
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Inflammation of the joint lining (synovium)
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Misalignment of bones, such as the kneecap
Although arthroscopy can be used for many joints — including the ankle, shoulder, elbow, hip, and wrist — the knee is by far the most common joint examined and treated using this technique.
Benefits of Arthroscopy
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Minimally invasive: Performed through tiny incisions, reducing trauma to surrounding tissue.
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Faster recovery: Smaller wounds mean less pain and a quicker return to activity.
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Day procedure: Most arthroscopies are done as day surgery, without an overnight hospital stay.
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Precise diagnosis: Allows the surgeon to see and treat the exact cause of joint problems.
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Low risk: Significantly lower risk of infection or complications compared to open surgery.
Risks and Complications
While arthroscopy is a very safe procedure, as with any surgery, there are small risks. These may include:
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Infection in the joint or at the incision sites.
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Bleeding or swelling in the knee.
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Blood clots (rare).
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Stiffness or temporary discomfort following surgery.
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Damage to cartilage, ligaments, or surrounding structures (rare).
Complications are uncommon, and most patients experience excellent outcomes.
Before and After Surgery
Before surgery
Patients will have a full assessment and may undergo imaging tests such as MRI or x-rays to confirm the diagnosis. You should inform your surgeon about any medications or supplements you take, and any medical conditions or allergies. Most patients are asked to fast for several hours before the procedure.
Surgery
The procedure is usually performed under general or spinal anaesthesia and takes between 30 and 60 minutes. Two or three small incisions are made around the knee to allow the arthroscope and small instruments to be inserted. The surgeon can remove or repair damaged tissue, smooth rough cartilage, or take small samples for testing.
Recovery
Arthroscopy is usually performed as a day surgery, so most patients go home the same day. You’ll need to rest and elevate the knee for the first day or two and use crutches as advised.
Swelling and mild discomfort are normal for a short period. Physiotherapy and gentle exercises begin soon after to help restore movement and strength.
Most people return to normal daily activities within one to two weeks and to sports or higher-impact activities within four to six weeks, depending on the procedure performed.
